Nedjelja (42☂7′28.26″N 18☄0′24.06″E), while empty shells of the fan mussel Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) were found at the site Dobrota (42☂6′13.20″N 18☄5′44.82″E) within the Boka Kotorska Bay, Adriatic Sea, Montenegro. Shell samples of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) were obtained from the local mussel farm at Sv. Prior to demineralization, all of the specimens listed above have been cleaned in water ultrasonic bath during 30 min, rinsed in dist. Poigner at King George Island (Antarctic Peninsula), respectively. Ereskovsky in Marseille (France), and by Dr. Shell samples of marine bivalves Haliotis tuberculata (Linnaeus, 1758) and Laternula elliptica (King, 1832) have been collected by Prof. Shell specimens of the terrestrial snail Cepaea nemoralis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Gastropoda) and Corbicula flumenia (Müller, 1774) (Bivalvia) have been collected on the banks of the Elbe River in Dresden (Germany). 1).Ģ.1 Supply and keeping of mollusks shells Gentle demineralization allows us to isolate complete or partially demineralized shell on request (see Fig. as collected) shells by demineralizing them in non-aggressive reagents. In contrast to the traditionally used strategy for isolation of organic matter from powdered molluscan shells, we offer a methodological strategy for the allocation of organic matrices from natural (i.e. Confirmation of this can be found in the famous article by Steve Weiner entitled “Fossil mollusk shell organic matrix components preserved for 80 million years”. It can be assumed with high probability that the organic matrix inside the shell turns out to be firmly walled up and can survive for millions of years. Can the same be said for the organic phase in their composition? It is well recognized that such biomacromolecules as chitin, glycopolysaccharides structural proteins and low molecular weight acidic proteins as well as lipids and pigments are species dependent and have been found in different quantitative proportions within molluscs’ shells. Undoubtedly, shells are a mass product of shellfish processing and are a global source of calcium carbonates. To obtain more detailed knowledge about the modern trends in application of moluscan shell waste, we recommend the recently published review by Jovic and co-workers. The utilization of molluscan shell waste as Ca-rich resource has been used also for the production of calcium oxide, which can be effectively applied in heterogeneous-based catalysts. Thus, the main strategies used at present for the disposal of shells is their transformation into powder or small particles as additives in building materials, or high-temperature processing to obtain hydroxyapatite, or calcite for biomedical applications. The developed composite material consists of oyster shells incorporated in a synthetic polymeric resin. For example, the shells of Pacific oyster, Magallana gigas (Thunberg, 1793) (formerly known as Crassostrea gigas), which was the source of 3.08 million tons of shell waste only in 2003, have been successfully used as the main component of artificial stones. Other uses of this biocomposite include its potential as a building material. Shells with more than 95% calcium carbonate used on a commercial scale are a viable alternative to mineral raw materials and have been mostly used as a biological source of calcium for poultry and other agricultural applications. Helix pomatia (Linnaeus, 1758) and Cornu aspersum (Müller, 1774), whose heliciculture has grown explosively. A similar situation can be suggested to exist with shells of edible terrestrial species, e.g. According to Morris and co-workers, “shells from the aquaculture industry are widely regarded as a nuisance waste product, yet at the same time, calcium carbonate is mined in the form of limestone and viewed as a valuable commodity”. Both aquaculture and the seafood industry are amazing sources of edible marine and freshwater mollusks and, consequently, of millions of tons of shells as waste material. However, parallel to pure scientific interest on molluscan shells, one direction that has raised much recent interest deals with shells as biological waste. Special attention has been given to shells’ biomechanical, biomimetic, and materials science properties. Molluscan shells are the objects of intensive scientific investigations, mostly as model structures for understanding biomineralization principles, as indicators of environmental changes with respect to climate, or chemical contaminations. Diverse representatives of the phylum Mollusca possess the ability to produce mineralized shells, whose main aim is to provide a protective armor.
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